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Published online November 1, 2007
PEDIATRICS Vol. 120 No. 5 November 2007, pp. e1237-e1244 (doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3277)
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ARTICLE

Size at Birth and Motor Activity During Stress in Children Aged 7 to 9 Years

Wolff Schlotz, PhDa,b, Alexander Jones, PhDa, Naomi M.M. Phillipsc, Keith M. Godfrey, PhDa, David I.W. Phillips, PhDa

a Medical Research Council Epidemiology Resource Centre
b School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
c School of Psychology, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom

OBJECTIVES. Small size at birth is linked with metabolic and cardiovascular disease. There is increasing evidence that it is also linked with physiologic stress responses and abnormal behavior, in particular, symptoms of hyperactivity. Therefore, we investigated associations between size at birth and motor activity during psychosocial stress.

METHODS. In 123 children aged 7 to 9 years, we examined the relations of birth weight, head circumference, length, and ponderal index at birth with motor activity on exposure to both stress and nonstress situations. Videos were recorded while the children performed a story and a math task in front of an audience (stress) and watched a movie (nonstress); motor activity was defined as lifting or tilting of a foot.

RESULTS. Children who had had a smaller head circumference at birth demonstrated greater motor activity during the stress test. There were marked gender differences in the results. In boys, lower birth weight, head circumference, and ponderal index were associated with greater motor activity during the stress test but not associated with motor activity during the nonstress situation. The findings remained significant when potential confounding variables were controlled for. There were no associations in girls.

CONCLUSIONS. The findings suggest long-term effects of an adverse fetal environment on the behavioral stress response in boys and parallel similar gender-specific effects on different stress response systems in humans and animals. The results could reflect permanent alterations of dopaminergic neurotransmission and have implications for the etiology of clinical hyperactivity.

Key Words: birth weight • birth head circumference • stress • hyperactivity • child behavior

Abbreviations: ADHD—attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder • TSST-C—Trier Social Stress Test for children • PI—ponderal index • IQR—interquartile range

Accepted May 3, 2007.


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