Published online October 2, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 4 October 2006, pp. 1583-1591 (doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0590)
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ARTICLE

Premedication for Nonemergent Neonatal Intubations: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Atropine and Fentanyl to Atropine, Fentanyl, and Mivacurium

Kari D. Roberts, MDa, Tina A. Leone, MDb, William H. Edwards, MDa, Wade D. Rich, BS, RRTb and Neil N. Finer, MDb

a Division of Neonatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
b Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether using a muscle relaxant would improve intubation conditions in infants, thereby decreasing the incidence and duration of hypoxia and time and number of attempts needed to successfully complete the intubation procedure.

PATIENTS/METHODS. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, 2-center trial. Infants requiring nonemergent intubation were randomly assigned to receive atropine and fentanyl or atropine, fentanyl, and mivacurium before intubation. Incidence and duration of hypoxia were determined at oxygen saturation thresholds of ≤85%, ≤75%, ≤60%, and ≤40%. Videotape was reviewed to determine the time and number of intubation attempts and duration of action of mivacurium.

RESULTS. Analysis of 41 infants showed that incidence of oxygen saturation ≤60% of any duration was significantly less in the mivacurium group (55% vs 24%). The incidence of saturation level of any duration ≤85%, 75%, and 40%; cumulative time ≥30 seconds; and time below the thresholds were not significantly different. Total procedure time (472 vs 144 seconds) and total laryngoscope time (148 vs 61 seconds) were shorter in the mivacurium group. Successful intubation was achieved in ≤2 attempts significantly more often in the mivacurium group (35% vs 71%).

CONCLUSIONS. Premedication with atropine, fentanyl, and mivacurium compared with atropine and fentanyl without a muscle relaxant decreases the time and number of attempts needed to successfully intubate while significantly reducing the incidence of severe desaturation. Premedication including a short-acting muscle relaxant should be considered for all nonemergent intubations in the NICU.

Key Words: intubation • premedication • atropine • fentanyl • mivacurium • muscle relaxant • hypoxia • infant • neonate

Abbreviations: ETT—endotracheal tube • BP—blood pressure • ICP—intracranial pressure • HR—heart rate • SaO2—arterial oxygen saturation • NNP—neonatal nurse practitioner • FIO2—fraction of inspired oxygen • SBP—systolic blood pressure

Accepted Jun 1, 2006.




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