Published online September 1, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 3 September 2006, pp. 971-977 (doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0467)
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ARTICLE

The Impact of Early Childhood Lead Exposure on Brain Organization: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Language Function

Weihong Yuan, PhDa, Scott K. Holland, PhDa,b, Kim M. Cecil, PhDa,b,c, Kim N. Dietrich, PhDb,c,d, Stephanie D. Wessel, MSc,d, Mekibib Altaye, PhDd,e, Richard W. Hornung, DrPHb,c,d, M. Douglas Ris, PhDb,c, John C. Egelhoff, DOa,b and Bruce P. Lanphear, MD, MPHb,c,d

a Departments of Radiology
b Pediatrics
c Cincinnati Children's Environmental Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
d Department of Environmental Health
e Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to assess the long-term impact of childhood lead exposure on the neurosubstrate of language function and brain organization.

METHODS. Young adults from the Cincinnati Lead Study were recruited to undergo functional magnetic resonance image scanning while performing a verb generation task. These subjects have been followed from birth through early childhood with extensive documentation of lead exposure, neuropsychology, and behavior. Forty-two subjects provided useful imaging data. The locale, strength, and the correlation between brain language activation and childhood blood lead concentration were studied.

RESULTS. After adjusting for potential confounders, the activation in left frontal cortex, adjacent to Broca's area, and left middle temporal gyrus, including Wernicke's area, were found to be significantly associated with diminished activation in subjects with higher mean childhood blood lead levels, whereas the compensatory activation in the right hemisphere homolog of Wernicke's area was enhanced in subjects with higher blood lead levels.

CONCLUSION. This study indicates that childhood lead exposure has a significant and persistent impact on brain reorganization associated with language function.

Key Words: environmental pollutants • lead poisoning • neuroimaging • language development • pediatric research

Abbreviations: fMRI—functional magnetic resonance imaging • CLS—Cincinnati Lead Study • EPI—echo planar imaging • BOLD—blood oxygen level dependant • SES—socioeconomic status • IQ—intelligence quotient • ROI—region of interest

Accepted Mar 29, 2006.