Published online August 1, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 2 August 2006, pp. 659-668 (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2948)

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ARTICLE

Individual and Combined Effects of Postpartum Depression in Mothers and Fathers on Parenting Behavior

James F. Paulson, PhD^a, Sarah Dauber, PhD^a and Jenn A. Leiferman, PhD^b

^a Center for Pediatric Research, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
^b School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado

BACKGROUND. Pediatric anticipatory guidance has been associated with parenting behaviors that promote positive infant development. Maternal postpartum depression is known to negatively affect parenting and may prevent mothers from following anticipatory guidance. The effects of postpartum depression in fathers on parenting is understudied.

OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this work was to examine the effects of maternal and paternal depression on parenting behaviors consistent with anticipatory guidance recommendations.

METHODS. The 9-month-old wave of data from a national study of children and their families, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, provided data on 5089 2-parent families. Depressive symptoms were measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Interviews with both parents provided data on parent health behaviors and parent-infant interactions. Logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the association between depression in each parent and the parenting behaviors of interest. These models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic status indicators.

RESULTS. In this national sample, 14% of mothers and 10% of fathers exhibited levels of depressive symptoms on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale that have been associated with clinical diagnoses, confirming other findings of a high prevalence of postpartum maternal depression but highlighting that postpartum depression is a significant issue for fathers as well. Mothers who were depressed were 1.5 times more likely to engage in less healthy feeding and sleep practices with their infant. In both mothers and fathers, depressive symptoms were negatively associated with positive enrichment activity with the child (reading, singing songs, and telling stories).

CONCLUSIONS. Postpartum depression is a significant problem in both mothers and fathers in the United States. It is associated with undesirable parent health behaviors and fewer positive parent-infant interactions.

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Key Words: anticipatory guidance • parenting • fathers • depression • child development

Abbreviations: ECLS—Early Childhood Longitudinal Study • B—Birth Cohort • CES-D—Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale • SES—socioeconomic status • OR—odds ratio • CI—confidence interval

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Accepted Feb 23, 2006.

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