Published online July 3, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 1 July 2006, pp. e157-e166 (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-3052)
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Effects of Open-Loop Feedback on Physical Activity and Television Viewing in Overweight and Obese Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Gary S. Goldfield, PhDa,b,c,d, Risa Mallory, MEda, Torrey Parker, MSca, Terrell Cunningham, BAa, Christine Legg, BAa, Andrew Lumb, BAa,c, Kasey Parker, MSca,e, Denis Prud'homme, MD, MScf, Isabelle Gaboury, MSca and Kristi B. Adamo, MSc, PhDa,d

a Research Institute
e Department of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
b Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
c Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
f Department of Health Science
d School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

OBJECTIVES. Television viewing and physical inactivity increase the risk of obesity in youth. Thus, identifying new interventions that increase physical activity and reduce television viewing would be helpful in the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity. This study evaluated the effects of open-loop feedback plus reinforcement versus open-loop feedback alone on physical activity, targeted sedentary behavior, body composition, and energy intake in youth.

METHODS. Thirty overweight or obese 8- to 12-year-old children were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 14) or control group (n = 16). Participants wore accelerometers every day for 8 weeks and attended biweekly meetings to download the activity monitors. For children in the open-loop feedback plus reinforcement (intervention) group, accumulating 400 counts of physical activity on pedometers earned 1 hour of television/VCR/DVD time, which was controlled by a Token TV electronic device. Open-loop feedback control subjects wore activity monitors but had free access to targeted sedentary behavior.

RESULTS. Compared with controls, the open-loop feedback plus reinforcement group demonstrated significantly greater increases in daily physical activity counts (+65% vs +16%) and minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (+9.4 vs +0.3) and greater reductions in minutes per day spent in television viewing (–116.1 vs +14.3). The intervention group also showed more favorable changes in body composition, dietary fat intake, and energy intake from snacks compared with controls. Reductions in sedentary behavior were directly related to reductions in BMI, fat intake, snack intake, and snack intake while watching television.

CONCLUSIONS. Providing feedback of physical activity in combination with reinforcing physical activity with sedentary behavior is a simple method of modifying the home environment that may play an important role in treating and preventing child obesity.

Key Words: youth • physical activity • obesity • sedentary behavior • television viewing

Abbreviations: MVPA—moderate-to-vigorous physical activity • z-BMI—age/gender-standardized BMI • PD-PAR—Past Day Physical Activity Recall • ANOVA—analysis of variance • VPA— vigorous physical activity

Accepted Feb 13, 2006.




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