Published online June 1, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 117 No. 6 June 2006, pp. 2101-2110 (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0651)
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Development and Prediction of Hyperactive Symptoms From 2 to 7 Years in a Population-Based Sample

Elisa Romano, PhDa, Richard E. Tremblay, PhDb, Abdeljelil Farhat, PhDb and Sylvana Côté, PhDb

a School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
b Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

OBJECTIVES. Children with hyperactive symptoms are often referred to mental health services. Given the frequency and persistent nature of hyperactivity, it is important to better understand its developmental course. This study identified the different developmental trajectories of hyperactive symptoms from 2 to 7 years and tested early predictors of high-level and persistent hyperactivity. These data may lead to earlier detection of at-risk children and to more effective interventions that take into account developmental considerations.

PARTICIPANTS. Four data-collection cycles of a nationwide survey of Canadian children were used to track the early development of hyperactivity. Children were 0 to 23 months at the first cycle in 1994 and 6 to 7 years at the fourth cycle in 2000.

OUTCOME MEASURES. Hyperactivity data were gathered from mothers on a biennial basis beginning when children were 24 months old. Information on potential prenatal and postnatal predictors was gathered from mothers at the first cycle.

DESIGN. Group-based semiparametric mixture modeling was used to estimate developmental trajectories, and logistic-regression analysis identified predictors of hyperactivity.

RESULTS. Four trajectories of hyperactive symptoms were identified: very low, low, moderate, and high. Statistically significant predictors for high and persistent hyperactivity, after controlling for all other factors, were maternal prenatal smoking, child male gender, maternal depression, and hostile parenting.

CONCLUSIONS. For the majority of children, the frequency of hyperactive symptoms decreased or remained low from 2 to 7 years. However, 7 children in 100 were classified as having high initial levels of hyperactive symptoms that persisted over time. Several prenatal and early postnatal risk factors identified these children, although additional variables will need to be identified to accurately predict high and persistent hyperactivity. Findings suggest that preventive interventions could target high-risk families during pregnancy and early childhood.

Key Words: developmental • early childhood • hyperactivity • predictors

Abbreviations: ADHD—attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder • NLSCY—National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth • OR—odds ratio

Accepted Oct 31, 2005.




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