PEDIATRICS Vol. 117 No. 4 April 2006, pp. 999-1008 (doi:10.1542/10.1542/peds.2005-1201)
Uptake of Varicella Vaccination Among Young Children in the United States: A Success Story in Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities
National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
OBJECTIVE. To examine uptake of varicella vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine licensed in 1995 and recommended in 1996 for routine vaccination of US children 12 to 18 months of age.
METHODS. Data were for 178616 children (19–35 months of age) and were collected in the 1997 to 2004 National Immunization Survey. The main outcome measures were estimated varicella vaccine coverage from 1997 to 2004, coverage among susceptible children (ie, those without a history of varicella disease), racial/ethnic disparities, risk factors for nonvaccination, missed opportunities to vaccinate simultaneously with other recommended vaccines, and projected increases in coverage after elimination of missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination.
RESULTS. Varicella vaccine coverage rates increased from 26% in 1997 to 87% in 2004. State-specific coverage rates increased 44 to 80 percentage points and were >80% in 42 states and >90% in 13 states by 2004. Coverage among susceptible children increased from 62% in 1999 to 88% in 2004. From 1998 onward, no statistically significant differences in coverage were found between white and black children, whereas Hispanic children had higher coverage rates than white children in 1998 to 2001 and 2004. Risk factors for undervaccination included living in the Midwest region, living in a household with >1 child, living in nonmetropolitan areas, living below the poverty level, having a mother who did not have a college degree, and having public providers. If missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination had been eliminated, then coverage rates would have increased from 58% to 94% in 1999 and from 87% to 96% in 2004.
CONCLUSIONS. Uptake of varicella vaccine has been steady and is an example of successful elimination of racial and ethnic disparities. Additional focus should be placed on reducing missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination, improving coverage in rural areas and the Midwest region, and closing remaining gaps related to maternal education, provider type, and multiple-children households.
Key Words: varicella vaccine • racial disparities • vaccination coverage • immunization
Abbreviations: CDC—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • NIS—National Immunization Survey • MSA—metropolitan statistical area • MMR—measles-mumps-rubella • Hib—Haemophilus influenzae type b • DTaP—diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis • VFC—Vaccines for Children • SCHIP—State Children's Health Insurance Program
Accepted Aug 19, 2005.
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