PEDIATRICS Vol. 117 No. 3 March 2006, pp. 714-721 (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0735)
Birth Characteristics and Risk of Low Intellectual Performance in Early Adulthood: Are the Associations Confounded by Socioeconomic Factors in Adolescence or Familial Effects?
a Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
b Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
c Department of Womens and Childrens Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
OBJECTIVE. In this study we investigated whether the association between measures of fetal growth restriction and intellectual performance was mediated by socioeconomic or familial factors.
METHODS. This was a population-based cohort study of 357768 Swedish males born as singletons without congenital malformations between 1973 and 1981. The main outcome measure was intellectual performance at military conscription.
RESULTS. Compared with men born with appropriate birth weight for gestational age, men born light for gestational age suffered an increased risk of low intellectual performance after adjustment for maternal and socioeconomic factors. The increase in risk of low intellectual performance related to a decrease in birth weight for gestational age was similar between families and within families. Men born short or with a small head circumference for gestational age were also at increased risk of low intellectual performance, both when adjusting for maternal and socioeconomic factors and within families.
CONCLUSIONS. We found that all of the studied dimensions of restricted fetal growth are independently associated with increased risks of low intellectual performance and that these associations are only partly mediated by socioeconomic or familial factors.
Key Words: birth weight head circumference intellectual performance socioeconomic factors familial factors
Abbreviations: SDSSD score ORodds ratio CIconfidence interval
Accepted Jul 1, 2005.
![]()
CiteULike
Connotea
Del.icio.us
Digg
Facebook
Reddit
Technorati
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
D. G. Batton and Committee on Fetus and Newborn Antenatal Counseling Regarding Resuscitation at an Extremely Low Gestational Age Pediatrics, July 1, 2009; 124(1): 422 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Desai and M. D. Begg A Comparison of Regression Approaches for Analyzing Clustered Data Am J Public Health, August 1, 2008; 98(8): 1425 - 1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Yang, J. Lynch, E. S. Susser, and D. A. Lawlor Birth Weight and Cognitive Ability in Childhood Among Siblings and Nonsiblings Pediatrics, August 1, 2008; 122(2): e350 - e358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M.-T. Tsou, M.-W. Tsou, M.-P. Wu, and J.-T. Liu Academic achievement of twins and singletons in early adulthood: Taiwanese cohort study BMJ, July 21, 2008; 337(jul21_1): a438 - a438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Heinonen, K. Raikkonen, A.-K. Pesonen, E. Kajantie, S. Andersson, J. G. Eriksson, A. Niemela, T. Vartia, J. Peltola, and A. Lano Prenatal and Postnatal Growth and Cognitive Abilities at 56 Months of Age: A Longitudinal Study of Infants Born at Term Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 121(5): e1325 - e1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. L. Nielsen, C. Dethlefsen, H. T. Sorensen, J. F. Pedersen, and L. Molsted-Pedersen Cognitive Function and Army Rejection Rate in Young Adult Male Offspring of Women With Diabetes: A Danish population-based cohort study Diabetes Care, November 1, 2007; 30(11): 2827 - 2831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. H. Whitaker, J. F. Feldman, J. M. Lorenz, S. Shen, F. McNicholas, M. Nieto, D. McCulloch, J. A. Pinto-Martin, and N. Paneth Motor and cognitive outcomes in nondisabled low-birth-weight adolescents: early determinants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, October 1, 2006; 160(10): 1040 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||










