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Published online February 1, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 117 No. 2 February 2006, pp. 309-316 (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0539)
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Personality in Young Adults Who Are Born Preterm

Matthew Allin, MRCPsycha, Maeve Rooney, MRCPsychb, Marion Cuddy, MSc, PhDa, John Wyatt, FRCPc, Muriel Walshe, BAa, Larry Rifkin, MRCPsycha, Robin Murray, DSc, FRCPsycha

a Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
b St Michael's Unit, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Cork, Ireland
c Department of Neonatal Paediatrics, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom

INTRODUCTION. Very preterm birth (VPT; <33 weeks' gestation) is associated with later neuromotor and cognitive impairment, reduced school performance, and psychiatric morbidity. Several follow-up studies have demonstrated increased anxiety and social rejection and reduced self-esteem in preterm children and adolescents, but few studies have examined the effects of preterm birth on adult personality.

METHODS. We assessed 108 VPT individuals and 67 term-born controls at ages 18 to 19 years with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, short form (EPQ-RS). This questionnaire rates 3 dimensions of personality: extraversion (sociability, liveliness, sensation seeking); neuroticism (anxiety, low mood, low self-esteem); and psychoticism (coldness, aggression, predisposition to antisocial behavior). A fourth scale, "lie," which measures dissimulation, is also derived.

RESULTS. VPT individuals had significantly lower extraversion scores, higher neuroticism scores, and higher lie scores than term-born controls, after controlling for age at assessment and socioeconomic status. P scores were not significantly different between the 2 groups. There was a gender difference in that the increased neuroticism and decreased extraversion scores were accounted for mainly by VPT females. Associations between EPQ-RS scores and neonatal status, adolescent behavioral ratings, and body size at 18 to 19 years were assessed by using Kendall partial correlations, correcting for age at assessment and socioeconomic status. Gestational age, indices of neonatal hypoxia, and neonatal ultrasound ratings were not correlated with EPQ-RS scores. Birth weight was weakly associated with increased lie scores. Rutter Parents' Scale score, a measure of adolescent psychopathology, was associated with an increased neuroticism score. Poor social adjustment in adolescence was associated with an increased lie score. Height and weight at 18 to 19 years were not associated with EPQ-RS, but reduced occipitofrontal circumference was associated with both decreased extraversion and increased lie scores.

CONCLUSIONS. Young adults who are born VPT have different personality styles from their term-born peers. This may be associated with an increased risk of psychiatric difficulties.

Key Words: preterm • neurodevelopment • personality

Abbreviations: VPT—very preterm • VLBW—very low birth weight • EPQ—Eysenck Personality Questionnaire • EPQ-RS—Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, short scale • df—degrees of freedom • SAS—Social Adjustment Scale

Accepted Jun 28, 2005.


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