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Published online December 1, 2005
PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 6 December 2005, pp. 1339-1345 (doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2697)
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Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on the Exercise Function of Children With Serious Congenital Heart Disease

Jonathan Rhodes, MD, Tracy J. Curran, MS, Laurel Camil, MS, Nicole Rabideau, MS, David R. Fulton, MD, Naomi S. Gauthier, MD, Kimberlee Gauvreau, ScD, Kathy J. Jenkins, MD, MPH

From the Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Objectives. The exercise capacity of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is often depressed. This depression is thought to be attributable to (1) residual hemodynamic defects and (2) deconditioning secondary to physical inactivity. We hypothesized that this latter component would be ameliorated by a formal cardiac rehabilitation program designed specifically for children. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the exercise performance of children with CHD and to define the physiologic mechanisms that might account for any improvements that are observed.

Methods. Nineteen patients with CHD who were referred for exercise testing and found to have a peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and/or peak work rate <80% of predicted were enrolled in the study. Sixteen patients (11 Fontan patients, 5 with other CHD) completed the program and had postrehabilitation exercise tests, results of which were compared with the prerehabilitation studies.

Results. Improvements were found in 15 of 16 patients. Peak VO2 rose from 26.4 ± 9.1 to 30.7 ± 9.2 mL/kg per min; peak work rate from 93 ± 32 to 106 ± 34 W, and the ventilatory anaerobic threshold from 14.2 ± 4.8 to 17.4 ± 4.5 mL/kg per min. The peak heart rate and peak respiratory exchange ratio did not change, suggesting that the improvements were not attributable merely to an increased effort. In contrast, the peak oxygen pulse rose significantly, from 7.6 ± 2.8 to 9.7 ± 4.1 mL/beat, an improvement that can be attributed only to an increase in stroke volume and/or oxygen extraction at peak exercise. No patient experienced rehabilitation-related complications.

Conclusion. Cardiac rehabilitation can improve the exercise performance of children with CHD. This improvement is mediated by an increase in stroke volume and/or oxygen extraction during exercise. Routine use of formal cardiac rehabilitation may greatly reduce the morbidity of complex CHD.

Key Words: congenital heart defects • exercise • cardiac rehabilitation

Abbreviations: CHD, congenital heart disease • VO2, oxygen consumption • VAT, ventilatory anaerobic threshold • {Delta}VE/{Delta}VCO2, slope of the minute ventilation versus carbon dioxide production relationship below the respiratory compensation point • MVV, maximal voluntary ventilation • FEV1, the forced expiratory volume in the first second • RER, the ratio of carbon dioxide production over oxygen consumption • FVC, forced vital capacity

Accepted Feb 14, 2005.


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