Published online June 1, 2005
PEDIATRICS Vol. 115 No. 6 June 2005, pp. 1466-1473 (doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1473)
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Watchful Waiting for Acute Otitis Media: Are Parents and Physicians Ready?

Jonathan A. Finkelstein, MD, MPH*,{ddagger},§, Christopher J. Stille, MD, MPH||, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, MPH* and Donald Goldmann, MD{ddagger},¶

* Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts
{ddagger} Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
§ General Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
|| Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts

Objective. To assess the current use of initial observation ("watchful waiting") of acute otitis media among community physicians and the acceptability of this option to parents of young children.

Setting. Sixteen nonoverlapping Massachusetts communities enrolled in a community intervention study on appropriate antibiotic use.

Design. Pediatricians, family physicians, and a random sample of parents of children <6 years old were surveyed. Parents predicted what their satisfaction would be with initial observation of an ear infection without antibiotics if suggested by their physician and concerns they would have regarding this watchful-waiting approach. Physicians reported the frequency with which they use this approach in children ≥2 years and those <2 years old. Separate multivariable models identified factors independently associated with parental satisfaction and with frequency of self-reported use by physicians. All models accounted for clustering of responses within communities.

Results. Two thousand fifty-four (40%) parents and 160 (58%) physicians responded. Of the parents, 34% would be somewhat or extremely satisfied if initial observation was recommended, another 26% would be neutral, and the remaining 40% would be somewhat or extremely dissatisfied. The multivariable model showed lower parental education (odds ratio [OR]: 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35, 0.71, for high school education or less compared with college graduation) and Medicaid enrollment (OR: 0.77; CI: 0.57, 1.0) was associated with lower predicted satisfaction. Higher antibiotic-related knowledge (OR: 1.2; CI: 1.1, 1.3, per question correct), belief that antibiotic resistance is a serious problem (OR: 2.3; CI: 1.8, 2.8), and reporting feeling included in medical decisions (OR: 1.4; CI: 1.1, 1.7) all were independently associated with higher predicted satisfaction. Thirty-eight percent of physicians treating children ≥2 years old never or almost never reported using initial observation, 39% reported use occasionally, 17% sometimes, and 6% most of the time. In a multivariable model, only more years in practice (OR: 0.96; CI: 0.93, 0.99) was associated with a decreased likelihood of occasional or more-frequent use of watchful waiting (compared with those who never use initial observation). However, a secondary model that combined occasional users with nonusers (compared with those reporting use sometimes or more often) identified several correlates of use of observation: years in practice (OR: 0.95; CI: 0.91, 0.99), family medicine specialization (OR: 4.5; CI: 1.9, 11), belief that antibiotic resistance is a significant problem (OR: 4.3; CI: 1.3, 14.5), and practice in a community receiving a judicious antibiotic-use intervention (OR: 3.5; CI: 1.3, 9.1).

Conclusions. A majority of physicians reported at least occasionally using initial observation, but few use it frequently. Many parents have concerns regarding this option, but acceptability is increased among those with more education and those who feel included in medical decisions. Substantial change in both parental and provider views would be needed to make initial observation a widely used alternative for acute otitis media.

Key Words: otitis media • watchful waiting • observation option

Abbreviations: AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics • OR, odds ratio • CI, 95% confidence interval

Accepted Oct 18, 2004.




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