Intracerebral Abscess in Children: Historical Trends at Children’s Hospital Boston
* Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Objectives. A previous study performed at Children’s Hospital Boston describing the natural history of intracerebral abscess between 1945 and 1980 demonstrated a decline in mortality after 1970. This current study examines the occurrence of intracerebral abscess at Children’s Hospital Boston between 1981 and 2000, inclusive, and compares the results with the previous study. Our objectives were to determine whether there had been a change in the predisposing factors, whether there were changes in the microbiology of intracerebral abscesses, and whether mortality rate had continued to decline.
Methods. To ensure that all occurrences of intracerebral abscess treated at Children’s Hospital Boston between 1981 and 2000 were identified, we searched 4 separately maintained databases for the keywords "brain" or "abscess" or the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 324.x. This search yielded the names of 386 patients. Of these 386 patients, a solitary intracerebral abscess or multiple noncontiguous intracerebral abscesses could be confirmed in 54 patients on the basis of cranial imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) or autopsy reports. The complete retrospective review of the medical records of these 54 patients constitutes the basis for this study.
Results. Congenital heart disease was the most common predisposing factor during both eras. Compared with the previous era, important historical trends identified include a reduction in the number of abscesses that occurred in the settings of sinus or otitic infection (11% during 1981–2000 vs 26% during 1945–1980), an increase in number of intracranial abscesses in infants (18% vs 7%) and in the setting of immunosuppression (16% vs 1%), an increase in the number of children who were treated with antibiotics alone (22% vs 1%), a stable overall mortality rate (24% vs 27%), and the identification of Citrobacter and fungus as causes of intracranial abscess not observed during the previous era of 1945–1980. Citrobacter was observed only during the neonatal period. Fungi were the causative organisms predominantly in the setting of immunosuppression.
Conclusions. Intracerebral abscess in children continues to be associated with high rates of neurologic impairment and death. Because earlier detection may reduce morbidity and mortality, intracranial abscess should be considered when evaluating children with new-onset neurologic signs or symptoms, especially in children who have acute immunosuppression and disseminated fungal disease or fungemia.
Key Words: abscess • brain • children
Abbreviations: VP, ventriculoperitoneal • CT, computed tomography • MRI, magnetic resonance imaging • CI, confidence interval
Received for publication Nov 21, 2003; Accepted Jan 26, 2004.
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