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PEDIATRICS Vol. 111 No. 5 May 2003, pp. 933-938

Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring Improved Metabolic Control in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Crossover Study

Johnny Ludvigsson, MD, PhD and Ragnar Hanas, MD, PhD

From the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping and Central Hospital, Uddevalla, Sweden

--> Objective. To improve metabolic control and prevent complications, both acute and late, we need to adjust treatment on the basis of the blood glucose (BG) profile, as not even the most active BG self-monitoring gives sufficient information.

Design. We have used Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS; Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA) in a controlled crossover study including 27 diabetic patients aged 12.5 ± 3.3 (mean; standard deviation; range: 5–19) years. All patients were treated with intensive insulin therapy, 14 with multiple injections, and 13 with pumps. The patients were randomized into an open or blind study arm. Both arms wore the CGMS sensor for 3 days every 2 weeks. CGMS profiles were used in the open study arm to adjust insulin therapy at follow-up visits every 6 weeks. Both the patients and the diabetes team were masked to the CGMS profiles in the blinded arm, and insulin therapy adjustments were based solely on 7-point BG profiles performed by the patients. At 3 months the 2 study arms were crossed over.

Results. Despite initial problems with a device new to both patients and the diabetes team, hemoglobin A1C decreased significantly in the open arm (from 7.70%–7.31%) but not in the blind arm (7.75%–7.65%). A total of 26/27 patients experienced daytime low subcutaneous glucose (<3.0 mmol/L; .8 episodes/day; duration 58 ± 29 minutes; 5.5% of total time), and 27/27 patients had at least 1 nocturnal episode of low subcutaneous glucose (.4 episodes/night; duration 132 ± 81 minutes; 10.1% of total time).

Conclusions. Use of CGMS facilitated an improved treatment, and patients received new insight and increased motivation. In this study, we found CGMS to be a useful tool for education and improving metabolic control.

Key Words: type 1 diabetes • children • glucose sensing • Continuous Glucose Monitoring System • metabolic control • hypoglycemia • Dawn phenomenon • Somogyi phenomenon • rebound phenomenon

Abbreviations: CGMS, Continuous Glucose Monitoring System • BG, blood glucose • MDI, multiple daily injection • HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C • DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

Received for publication Feb 26, 2002; Accepted Jul 22, 2002.




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