CLINICAL REPORT |
Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency: New Guidelines for Vitamin D Intake
ABSTRACT
Rickets in infants attributable to inadequate vitamin D intake and decreased exposure to sunlight continues to be reported in the United States. It is recommended that all infants, including those who are exclusively breastfed, have a minimum intake of 200 IU of vitamin D per day beginning during the first 2 months of life. In addition, it is recommended that an intake of 200 IU of vitamin D per day be continued throughout childhood and adolescence, because adequate sunlight exposure is not easily determined for a given individual. These new vitamin D intake guidelines for healthy infants and children are based on the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences.
Abbreviations: NAS, National Academy of Sciences • AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
The following policy statement is a revision:
- Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
- , , and
Pediatrics 122: 1142-1152.[Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Kulie, A. Groff, J. Redmer, J. Hounshell, and S. Schrager Vitamin D: An Evidence-Based Review J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2009; 22(6): 698 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Katikaneni, T. Ponnapakkam, A. Ponnapakkam, and R. Gensure Breastfeeding Does Not Protect Against Urinary Tract Infection in the First 3 Months of Life, but Vitamin D Supplementation Increases the Risk by 76% Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 2009; 48(7): 750 - 755. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. S. Zipitis Is Vitamin D Protective Against Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition, April 1, 2009; 1(2): 108 - 112. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Mikati, N. Ataya, G. El-Hajj Fuleihan, and E. Trevathan EPILEPSY-ASSOCIATED BONE MINERAL DENSITY LOSS SHOULD BE PREVENTED Neurology, March 10, 2009; 72(10): 943 - 944. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Saintonge, H. Bang, and L. M. Gerber Implications of a New Definition of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Multiracial US Adolescent Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Pediatrics, March 1, 2009; 123(3): 797 - 803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. B. Feldman-Winter, R. J. Schanler, K. G. O'Connor, and R. A. Lawrence Pediatricians and the Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, December 1, 2008; 162(12): 1142 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Gordon, H. A. Feldman, and J. E. Cox Vitamin D and Rickets Beyond America--Reply Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, December 1, 2008; 162(12): 1194 - 1194. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Furman, B. C. Combs, A. D. Alexander, and M. A. O'riordan Breast-Feeding Rates at an Inner-City Pediatric Practice Clinical Pediatrics, November 1, 2008; 47(9): 873 - 882. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Wagner, F. R. Greer, and and the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Pediatrics, November 1, 2008; 122(5): 1142 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Fausto-Sterling The bare bones of race. Social Studies of Science, October 1, 2008; 38(5): 657 - 694. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Geraghty, S. W. Riddle, and U. Shaikh The Breastfeeding Mother and the Pediatrician J Hum Lact, August 1, 2008; 24(3): 335 - 339. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Misra, D. Pacaud, A. Petryk, P. F. Collett-Solberg, M. Kappy, and on behalf of the Drug and Therapeutics Committee o Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Its Management: Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations Pediatrics, August 1, 2008; 122(2): 398 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Hanauer and S. W. Choi RE: "RISK OF CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH VACCINATION, INFECTION, AND MEDICATION USE IN CHILDHOOD: THE CROSS-CANADA CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA STUDY" Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2008; 168(3): 353 - 353. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hedges and A. Scriven Sun safety: what are the health messages? Perspectives in Public Health, July 1, 2008; 128(4): 164 - 169. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. MacArthur and M. L. McBride THE FIRST TWO AUTHORS REPLY Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2008; (2008) kwn200v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Gordon, H. A. Feldman, L. Sinclair, A. L. Williams, P. K. Kleinman, J. Perez-Rossello, and J. E. Cox Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Healthy Infants and Toddlers Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2008; 162(6): 505 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Rovner and K. O. O'Brien Hypovitaminosis D Among Healthy Children in the United States: A Review of the Current Evidence Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2008; 162(6): 513 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Taylor Defining Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants and Toddlers Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2008; 162(6): 583 - 584. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C S Zipitis and A K Akobeng Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 2008; 93(6): 512 - 517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Sharathkumar and D. Kamat An Infant With Crossed Thumbs Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 47(4): 395 - 396. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Williams, J. Cox, and C. M. Gordon Rickets in an Otherwise Healthy 11-Month-Old Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 47(4): 409 - 412. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Lazol, N. Cakan, and D. Kamat 10-Year Case Review of Nutritional Rickets in Children's Hospital of Michigan Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 47(4): 379 - 384. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Bouillon, A. W. Norman, P. Lips, R. C. Cava, A. N. D. Javier, W. R. Howe, R. Dellavalle, G. I. Baroncelli, and M. F. Holick Vitamin D Deficiency N. Engl. J. Med., November 8, 2007; 357(19): 1980 - 1982. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Rajakumar, S. L. Greenspan, S. B. Thomas, and M. F. Holick SOLAR Ultraviolet Radiation AND Vitamin D: A Historical Perspective Am J Public Health, October 1, 2007; 97(10): 1746 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Picciano, J. T. Dwyer, K. L. Radimer, D. H. Wilson, K. D. Fisher, P. R. Thomas, E. A. Yetley, A. J. Moshfegh, P. S. Levy, S. J. Nielsen, et al. Dietary Supplement Use Among Infants, Children, and Adolescents in the United States, 1999-2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, October 1, 2007; 161(10): 978 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Dawodu and C. L Wagner Mother-child vitamin D deficiency: an international perspective Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2007; 92(9): 737 - 740. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A A Leaf and on behalf of the RCPCH Standing Committee on Nutri Vitamins for babies and young children Arch. Dis. Child., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 160 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Picture of the Month--Diagnosis Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2006; 160(9): 984 - 985. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Jenny and for the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect Evaluating Infants and Young Children With Multiple Fractures Pediatrics, September 1, 2006; 118(3): 1299 - 1303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. E. Ziegler, B. W. Hollis, S. E. Nelson, and J. M. Jeter Vitamin D Deficiency in Breastfed Infants in Iowa Pediatrics, August 1, 2006; 118(2): 603 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P D Robinson, W Hogler, M E Craig, C F Verge, J L Walker, A C Piper, H J Woodhead, C T Cowell, and G R Ambler The re-emerging burden of rickets: a decade of experience from Sydney Arch. Dis. Child., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 564 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Nicolaidou, H. Georgouli, H. Kotsalis, Y. Matsinos, A. Papadopoulou, A. Fretzayas, V. Syriopoulou, X. Krikos, A. Karantana, and T. Karpathios Effects of Anticonvulsant Therapy on Vitamin D Status in Children: Prospective Monitoring Study J Child Neurol, March 1, 2006; 21(3): 205 - 210. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Shaikh and C. Chantry Reflections on the American Academy of Pediatrics' 2005 Policy Statement on "Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk" J Hum Lact, February 1, 2006; 22(1): 108 - 110. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Greer, N. F. Krebs, and Committee on Nutrition Optimizing Bone Health and Calcium Intakes of Infants, Children, and Adolescents Pediatrics, February 1, 2006; 117(2): 578 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Sethuraman Vitamins Pediatr. Rev., February 1, 2006; 27(2): 44 - 55. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Rajakumar, J. D. Fernstrom, J. E. Janosky, and S. L. Greenspan Vitamin D Insufficiency in Preadolescent African-American Children Clinical Pediatrics, October 1, 2005; 44(8): 683 - 692. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Barrueto Jr,, H. H. Wang-Flores, M. A. Howland, R. S. Hoffman, and L. S. Nelson Acute Vitamin D Intoxication in a Child Pediatrics, September 1, 2005; 116(3): e453 - e456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rodd and S. A.l. Mushcab Hypocalcemic Seizures Secondary to Nutritional Vitamin D Deficiency in 3 Infants Fed Soy Formula Clinical Pediatrics, June 1, 2005; 44(5): 455 - 457. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Rajakumar and S. B. Thomas Reemerging Nutritional Rickets: A Historical Perspective Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2005; 159(4): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J H Davies, B A J Evans, and J W Gregory Bone mass acquisition in healthy children Arch. Dis. Child., April 1, 2005; 90(4): 373 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Ward Vitamin D deficiency in the 21st century: a persistent problem among Canadian infants and mothers Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 15, 2005; 172(6): 769 - 770. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Hatun, O. Islam, F. Cizmecioglu, B. Kara, K. Babaoglu, F. Berk, and A. S. Gokalp Subclinical Vitamin D Deficiency Is Increased in Adolescent Girls Who Wear Concealing Clothing J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 218 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hatun, B. Ozkan, Z. Orbak, H. Doneray, F. Cizmecioglu, D. Toprak, and A. S. Calikoglu Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Infancy J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 279 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Hanley and K. S. Davison Vitamin D Insufficiency in North America J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 332 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Section on Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk Pediatrics, February 1, 2005; 115(2): 496 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Weisberg, K. S Scanlon, R. Li, and M. E Cogswell Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1697S - 1705S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R Greer Issues in establishing vitamin D recommendations for infants and children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1759S - 1762S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Balk, K. G. O'Connor, and M. Saraiya Counseling Parents and Children on Sun Protection: A National Survey of Pediatricians Pediatrics, October 1, 2004; 114(4): 1056 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Mau, P. R. Holland, and L. G. Yamamoto Parenting Book Recommendations for Commonly Encountered Pediatric Issues Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 2004; 43(7): 643 - 646. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Allgrove Is nutritional rickets returning? Arch. Dis. Child., August 1, 2004; 89(8): 699 - 701. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Milner, D. M. Stein, R. McCarter, and R. Y. Moon Early Infant Multivitamin Supplementation Is Associated With Increased Risk for Food Allergy and Asthma Pediatrics, July 1, 2004; 114(1): 27 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Shaikh and P. T. Alpert Practices of Vitamin D Recommendation in Las Vegas, Nevada J Hum Lact, February 1, 2004; 20(1): 56 - 61. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Davenport, A. Uckun, and A. S. Calikoglu Pediatrician Patterns of Prescribing Vitamin Supplementation for Infants: Do They Contribute to Rickets? Pediatrics, January 1, 2004; 113(1): 179 - 180. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Spence and J. R. Serwint Secondary Prevention of Vitamin D-Deficiency Rickets Pediatrics, January 1, 2004; 113(1): e70 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Read and Committee on Pediatric AIDS Human Milk, Breastfeeding, and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States Pediatrics, November 1, 2003; 112(5): 1196 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Heinig Vitamin D and the Breastfed Infant: Controversies and Concerns J Hum Lact, August 1, 2003; 19(3): 247 - 249. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
JournalWatch Arch. Dis. Child., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 643 - 644. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Preventing Rickets: Sunlight Exposure May Not Be Sufficient Journal Watch Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, April 14, 2003; 2003(414): 12 - 12. [Full Text]
|
|
