This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow P3Rs: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when P3Rs are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Auestad, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bornstein, M. H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Auestad, N.
Right arrow Articles by Bornstein, M. H.
Related Collections
Right arrow Nutrition & Metabolism

PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 2 August 2001, pp. 372-381

Growth and Development in Term Infants Fed Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Double-Masked, Randomized, Parallel, Prospective, Multivariate Study

Received Nov 8, 1999; accepted Jan 19, 2001.

Nancy Auestad*, Robin Halter*, Robert T. HallDagger , Mark Blatter§, Margaret L. Bogleparallel , Wesley Burksparallel , Julie R. Erickson, Kathleen M. FitzgeraldDagger , Velma Dobson, Sheila M. Innis#, Lynn T. Singer**, Michael B. Montalto*, Joan R. Jacobs*, Wenzi Qiu*, and Marc H. BornsteinDagger Dagger

From the * Ross Products Division, Abbott Labs, Columbus, Ohio; Dagger  University of Missouri, Kansas City and Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri; § Pittsburgh Pediatric Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; parallel  University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas;  University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; # University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; ** Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio; and Dagger Dagger  NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Objective.  To evaluate the effects of dietary intake of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on multiple indices of infant growth and development.

Design.  A double-masked, randomized, parallel trial was conducted with term infants fed formulas with or without AA+DHA for 1 year (N = 239). Reference groups of breastfed infants (N = 165) weaned to formulas with and without AA+DHA were also studied. Infants in the formula groups were randomized at <= 9 days of age to a control formula with no AA or DHA (n = 77) or 1 of 2 otherwise identical formulas containing AA+DHA (AA, 0.46% and DHA, 0.14% of total fatty acids) from either egg-derived triglyceride (egg-DTG [n=80]) or fish oil and fungal oil (fish/fungal [n = 82]) at levels similar to the average in breast milk samples as measured in the reference group. All formulas contained 50% of energy from fat with the essential dietary fatty acids, linoleic acid (20% fatty acids) and alpha -linolenic acid (2% fatty acids). The main study outcomes were AA and DHA levels in plasma and red blood cells, and multiple measures of infant development at multiple ages from birth to 14 months: growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, and temperament.

Results.  AA and DHA levels in plasma and red cells were higher in AA+DHA-supplemented groups than in the control formula group and comparable to those in reference groups. No developmental test results distinguished these groups. Expected differences in family demographics associated with breastfeeding were found, but no advantages to breastfeeding on any of the developmental outcome demonstrated.

Conclusions.  These findings do not support adding AA+DHA to formulas containing 10% energy as linoleic acid and 1% energy as alpha -linolenic acid to enhance growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, or temperament in healthy, term infants during the first 14 months after birth.infant development, breast feeding, infant formula, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid. .




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
A. R Rudnicka, C. G Owen, M. Richards, M. E. Wadsworth, and D. P Strachan
Effect of breastfeeding and sociodemographic factors on visual outcome in childhood and adolescence
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1392 - 1399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
J T. Brenna, B. Varamini, R. G Jensen, D. A Diersen-Schade, J. A Boettcher, and L. M Arterburn
Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in human breast milk worldwide
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1457 - 1464.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. K Georgieff
Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2007; 85(2): 614S - 620S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
C. L Cheatham, J. Colombo, and S. E Carlson
n-3 Fatty acids and cognitive and visual acuity development: methodologic and conceptual considerations
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): S1458 - 1466S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. M Arterburn, E. B. Hall, and H. Oken
Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): S1467 - 1476S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Pediatr PsycholHome page
S. L. Hart, L. M. Boylan, S. R. Carroll, Y. A. Musick, C. Kuratko, B. G. Border, and R. M. Lampe
Brief Report: Newborn Behavior Differs with Decosahexaenoic Acid Levels in Breast Milk
J. Pediatr. Psychol., March 1, 2006; 31(2): 221 - 226.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
J. C McCann and B. N Ames
Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 281 - 295.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
K. M. Heinemann, M. K. Waldron, K. E. Bigley, G. E. Lees, and J. E. Bauer
Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are More Efficient than {alpha}-Linolenic Acid in Improving Electroretinogram Responses of Puppies Exposed during Gestation, Lactation, and Weaning
J. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 135(8): 1960 - 1966.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
C. L Jensen, R. G Voigt, T. C Prager, Y. L Zou, J K. Fraley, J. C Rozelle, M. R Turcich, A. M Llorente, R. E Anderson, and W. C Heird
Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2005; 82(1): 125 - 132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. Makrides, R. A Gibson, T. Udell, K. Ried, and the International LCPUFA Investigators
Supplementation of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term infants
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2005; 81(5): 1094 - 1101.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
E. E Birch, Y. S Castaneda, D. H Wheaton, D. G Birch, R. D Uauy, and D. R Hoffman
Visual maturation of term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented or control formula for 12 mo
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2005; 81(4): 871 - 879.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
M. M. Smith, M. Durkin, V. J. Hinton, D. Bellinger, and L. Kuhn
Influence of Breastfeeding on Cognitive Outcomes at Age 6-8 Years: Follow-up of Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2003; 158(11): 1075 - 1082.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
G.-Y. Diau, E. R. Loew, V. Wijendran, E. Sarkadi-Nagy, P. W. Nathanielsz, and J. T. Brenna
Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acid Influence on Preterm Baboon Retinal Composition and Function
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2003; 44(10): 4559 - 4566.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
K.-F. Ng and S. M. Innis
Behavioral Responses Are Altered in Piglets with Decreased Frontal Cortex Docosahexaenoic Acid
J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3222 - 3227.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
N. Auestad, D. T. Scott, J. S. Janowsky, C. Jacobsen, R. E. Carroll, M. B. Montalto, R. Halter, W. Qiu, J. R. Jacobs, W. E. Connor, et al.
Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of Age
Pediatrics, September 1, 2003; 112(3): e177 - 183.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.Home page
C A Malcolm, D L McCulloch, C Montgomery, A Shepherd, and L T Weaver
Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, randomised trial
Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., September 1, 2003; 88(5): F383 - F390.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
W. W. K. Koo
Efficacy and Safety of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Addition to Infant Formulas: Can One Buy Better Vision and Intelligence?
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 22(2): 101 - 107.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
I. B. Helland, L. Smith, K. Saarem, O. D. Saugstad, and C. A. Drevon
Maternal Supplementation With Very-Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy and Lactation Augments Children's IQ at 4 Years of Age
Pediatrics, January 1, 2003; 111(1): e39 - 44.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
C. Blank, M. A. Neumann, M. Makrides, and R. A. Gibson
Optimizing DHA levels in piglets by lowering the linoleic acid to {alpha}-linolenic acid ratio
J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2002; 43(9): 1537 - 1543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]