Advertising Disclaimer
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Gozal, D.
Right arrow Articles by Pope Jr, D. W.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Gozal, D.
Right arrow Articles by Pope Jr, D. W.
Related Collections
Right arrow Neurology & Psychiatry
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Facebook   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 6 June 2001, pp. 1394-1399

Snoring During Early Childhood and Academic Performance at Ages Thirteen to Fourteen Years

Received Sep 27, 2000; accepted Dec 12, 2000.

David Gozal and Dennis W. Pope Jr

From the Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.

Objectives.  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children is associated with an adverse effect on learning. However, the long-term impact of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during early childhood on learning remains unknown.

Methods.  Questionnaires were mailed to seventh and eighth graders attending public schools whose class ranking was either in the top 25% (high performance [HP]) or bottom 25% of their class (low performance [LP]), and who were matched for age, gender, race, school, and street of residence. Snoring frequency and loudness at 2 to 6 years of age, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) for snoring or recurrent infection, school grades, and parental smoking and snoring were assessed.

Results.  The questionnaire response rate was 82.8%. Because of ongoing snoring, 13 responders were excluded, such that 1588 questionnaires could be analyzed (797 in LP and 791 in HP group). Frequent and loud snoring during early childhood was reported in 103 LP children (12.9%) compared with 40 HP children (5.1%; odds ratio: 2.79; confidence interval: 1.88-4.15). Furthermore, 24 LP and 7 HP children underwent T&A for snoring (odds ratio: 3.40; confidence interval: 1.47-7.84), while 21 LP and 19 HP children required surgery for recurrent tonsillitis.

Conclusions.  Children with lower academic performance in middle school are more likely to have snored during early childhood and to require T&A for snoring compared with better performing schoolmates. These findings support the concept that SDB-associated neurocognitive morbidity may be only partially reversible or that a "learning debt" may develop with SDB during early childhood and hamper subsequent school performance.  Key words:  obstructive sleep apnea, sleep, learning, snoring.


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Facebook Facebook   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
R. Arens and H. Muzumdar
Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2010; 108(2): 436 - 444.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Child NeurolHome page
S. Ravid, I. Afek, S. Suraiya, E. Shahar, and G. Pillar
Kindergarten Children's Failure to Qualify for First Grade Could Result From Sleep Disturbances
J Child Neurol, July 1, 2009; 24(7): 816 - 822.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
A. M. Gregory, A. Caspi, T. E. Moffitt, and R. Poulton
Sleep Problems in Childhood Predict Neuropsychological Functioning in Adolescence
Pediatrics, April 1, 2009; 123(4): 1171 - 1176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 The Journal of School NursingHome page
D. Y. Daniels
Examining Attendance, Academic Performance, and Behavior in Obese Adolescents
The Journal of School Nursing, December 1, 2008; 24(6): 379 - 387.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
A. Sanchez-Armengol, A. Ruiz-Garcia, C. Carmona-Bernal, G. Botebol-Benhamou, E. Garcia-Diaz, J. Polo-Padillo, J. L. Lopez-Campos, and F. Capote
Clinical and polygraphic evolution of sleep-related breathing disorders in adolescents
Eur. Respir. J., October 1, 2008; 32(4): 1016 - 1022.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
M. Cao and C. Guilleminault
Sleep Difficulties and Behavioral Outcomes in Children
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2008; 162(4): 385 - 389.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
O. S. Capdevila, L. Kheirandish-Gozal, E. Dayyat, and D. Gozal
Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Complications, Management, and Long-term Outcomes
Proceedings of the ATS, February 15, 2008; 5(2): 274 - 282.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
C. E. Kuehni, M-P. F. Strippoli, E. S. Chauliac, and M. Silverman
Snoring in preschool children: prevalence, severity and risk factors
Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2008; 31(2): 326 - 333.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck SurgHome page
J. L. Wei, M. S. Mayo, H. J. Smith, M. Reese, and R. A. Weatherly
Improved Behavior and Sleep After Adenotonsillectomy in Children With Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, October 1, 2007; 133(10): 974 - 979.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
E. J. Paavonen, S. Strang-Karlsson, K. Raikkonen, K. Heinonen, A.-K. Pesonen, P. Hovi, S. Andersson, A.-L. Jarvenpaa, J. G. Eriksson, and E. Kajantie
Very Low Birth Weight Increases Risk for Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Young Adulthood: The Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults
Pediatrics, October 1, 2007; 120(4): 778 - 784.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch. Dis. Child.Home page
C. M Hill, A. M Hogan, and A. Karmiloff-Smith
To sleep, perchance to enrich learning?
Arch. Dis. Child., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 637 - 643.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
A. Tarasiuk, S. Greenberg-Dotan, T. Simon-Tuval, B. Freidman, A. D. Goldbart, A. Tal, and H. Reuveni
Elevated Morbidity and Health Care Use in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2007; 175(1): 55 - 61.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pediatr. Rev.Home page
L. J. Kass
Sleep Problems
Pediatr. Rev., December 1, 2006; 27(12): 455 - 462.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
A. G. Hoppin, E. S. Katz, L. M. Kaplan, and G. Y. Lauwers
Case 31-2006 -- A 15-Year-Old Girl with Severe Obesity.
N. Engl. J. Med., October 12, 2006; 355(15): 1593 - 1602.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
C. M. Hill, A. M. Hogan, N. Onugha, D. Harrison, S. Cooper, V. J. McGrigor, A. Datta, and F. J. Kirkham
Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Children With Mild Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Possible Association With Abnormal Neuropsychological Function
Pediatrics, October 1, 2006; 118(4): e1100 - e1108.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
M. C. Lopes and C. Guilleminault
Chronic Snoring and Sleep in Children: A Demonstration of Sleep Disruption
Pediatrics, September 1, 2006; 118(3): e741 - e746.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck SurgHome page
M. M. Statham, R. G. Elluru, R. Buncher, and M. Kalra
Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children: prevalence of pulmonary complications.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, May 1, 2006; 132(5): 476 - 480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
M. Kalra, G. LeMasters, D. Bernstein, K. Wilson, L. Levin, A. Cohen, and R. Amin
Atopy as a risk factor for habitual snoring at age 1 year.
Chest, April 1, 2006; 129(4): 942 - 946.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
H. E. Montgomery-Downs, L. M. O'Brien, T. E. Gulliver, and D. Gozal
Polysomnographic Characteristics in Normal Preschool and Early School-Aged Children
Pediatrics, March 1, 2006; 117(3): 741 - 753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
H. E. Montgomery-Downs and D. Gozal
Snore-Associated Sleep Fragmentation in Infancy: Mental Development Effects and Contribution of Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Exposure
Pediatrics, March 1, 2006; 117(3): e496 - e502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
J. L. Emancipator, A. Storfer-Isser, H. G. Taylor, C. L. Rosen, H. L. Kirchner, N. L. Johnson, A. M. Zambito, and S. Redline
Variation of Cognition and Achievement With Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Full-term and Preterm Children
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 2006; 160(2): 203 - 210.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EDUCATION AND PRACTICEHome page
R. Primhak and C. O'Brien
SLEEP APNOEA
Arch. Dis. Child. Ed. Pract., December 1, 2005; 90(4): ep87 - ep91.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
C. Guilleminault, J. H. Lee, and A. Chan
Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2005; 159(8): 775 - 785.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
G M Nixon and R T Brouillette
Sleep {middle dot} 8: Paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea
Thorax, June 1, 2005; 60(6): 511 - 516.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Child NeurolHome page
L. Bizari Coin Carvalho, L. F. Prado, L. Silva, M. Medeiros de Almeida, T. Almeida e Silva, M. Ivanoff Lora, and G. F. Prado
Cognitive Dysfunction in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing
J Child Neurol, May 1, 2005; 20(5): 400 - 404.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
H. E. Montgomery-Downs, V. M. Crabtree, and D. Gozal
Cognition, sleep and respiration in at-risk children treated for obstructive sleep apnoea
Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2005; 25(2): 336 - 342.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
M. S. Urschitz, J. Wolff, C. Sokollik, E. Eggebrecht, P. M. Urschitz-Duprat, M. Schlaud, and C. F. Poets
Nocturnal Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Academic Performance in a Community Sample of Children
Pediatrics, February 1, 2005; 115(2): e204 - e209.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
C. L. Rosen, A. Storfer-Isser, H. G. Taylor, H. L. Kirchner, J. L. Emancipator, and S. Redline
Increased Behavioral Morbidity in School-Aged Children With Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Pediatrics, December 1, 2004; 114(6): 1640 - 1648.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
M. S. Urschitz, S. Eitner, A. Guenther, E. Eggebrecht, J. Wolff, P. M. Urschitz-Duprat, M. Schlaud, and C. F. Poets
Habitual Snoring, Intermittent Hypoxia, and Impaired Behavior in Primary School Children
Pediatrics, October 1, 2004; 114(4): 1041 - 1048.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
M. S. Urschitz, A. Guenther, S. Eitner, P. M. Urschitz-Duprat, M. Schlaud, O. S. Ipsiroglu, and C. F. Poets
Risk Factors and Natural History of Habitual Snoring
Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3): 790 - 800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
J. L. Bass, M. Corwin, D. Gozal, C. Moore, H. Nishida, S. Parker, A. Schonwald, R. E. Wilker, S. Stehle, and T. B. Kinane
The Effect of Chronic or Intermittent Hypoxia on Cognition in Childhood: A Review of the Evidence
Pediatrics, September 1, 2004; 114(3): 805 - 816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
L. M. O'Brien, C. B. Mervis, C. R. Holbrook, J. L. Bruner, C. J. Klaus, J. Rutherford, T. J. Raffield, and D. Gozal
Neurobehavioral Implications of Habitual Snoring in Children
Pediatrics, July 1, 2004; 114(1): 44 - 49.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
R. Tauman, A. Ivanenko, L. M. O'Brien, and D. Gozal
Plasma C-Reactive Protein Levels Among Children With Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Pediatrics, June 1, 2004; 113(6): e564 - e569.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
R. S. Amin, J. L. Carroll, J. L. Jeffries, C. Grone, J. A. Bean, B. Chini, R. Bokulic, and S. R. Daniels
Twenty-four-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children with Sleep-disordered Breathing
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 15, 2004; 169(8): 950 - 956.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
A. Tarasiuk, T. Simon, A. Tal, and H. Reuveni
Adenotonsillectomy in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Reduces Health Care Utilization
Pediatrics, February 1, 2004; 113(2): 351 - 356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
C. Shin, S. Joo, J. Kim, and T. Kim
Prevalence and Correlates of Habitual Snoring in High School Students
Chest, November 1, 2003; 124(5): 1709 - 1715.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CLIN PEDIATRHome page
H. E. Montgomery-Downs, V. F. Jones, V. J. Molfese, and D. Gozal
Snoring in Preschoolers: Associations with Sleepiness, Ethnicity, and Learning
Clinical Pediatrics, October 1, 2003; 42(8): 719 - 726.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
M. S. Urschitz, A. Guenther, E. Eggebrecht, J. Wolff, P. M. Urschitz-Duprat, M. Schlaud, and C. F. Poets
Snoring, Intermittent Hypoxia and Academic Performance in Primary School Children
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 15, 2003; 168(4): 464 - 468.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
J. L. Goodwin, S. I. Babar, K. L. Kaemingk, G. M. Rosen, W. J. Morgan, D. L. Sherrill, and S. F. Quan
Symptoms Related to Sleep-Disordered Breathing in White and Hispanic Children: The Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study
Chest, July 1, 2003; 124(1): 196 - 203.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CLIN PEDIATRHome page
A. Ivanenko, V. M. Crabtree, R. Tauman, and D. Gozal
Melatonin in Children and Adolescents with Insomnia: A Retrospective Study
Clinical Pediatrics, January 1, 2003; 42(1): 51 - 58.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
H. Reuveni, T. Simon, A. Tal, A. Elhayany, and A. Tarasiuk
Health Care Services Utilization in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Pediatrics, July 1, 2002; 110(1): 68 - 72.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]