PEDIATRICS Vol. 105 No. 6 June 2000, pp. 1216-1226
Neurodevelopmental and Functional Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993-1994
Received May 19, 1999; accepted Sep 22, 1999.
,
,,,
From * Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda,
Maryland; § Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; George
Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, Maryland;
¶ University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; # Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia; ** Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio;
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas,
Dallas, Texas; §§ University of Miami, Miami, Florida; || Wayne
State University, Detroit, Michigan; ¶¶ University of Tennessee at
Memphis, Tennessee; ## Stanford University, Stanford,
California; *** University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Objectives. The purposes of this study were to report the neurodevelopmental, neurosensory, and functional outcomes of 1151 extremely low birth weight (401-1000 g) survivors cared for in the 12 participating centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, and to identify medical, social, and environmental factors associated with these outcomes.
Study Design. A multicenter cohort study in which surviving extremely low birth weight infants born in 1993 and 1994 underwent neurodevelopmental, neurosensory, and functional assessment at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. Data regarding pregnancy and neonatal outcome were collected prospectively. Socioeconomic status and a detailed interim medical history were obtained at the time of the assessment. Logistic regression models were used to identify maternal and neonatal risk factors for poor neurodevelopmental outcome.
Results. Of the 1480 infants alive at 18 months of age, 1151 (78%) were evaluated. Study characteristics included a mean birth weight of 796 ± 135 g, mean gestation (best obstetric dates) 26 ± 2 weeks, and 47% male. Birth weight distributions of infants included 15 infants at 401 to 500 g; 94 at 501 to 600 g; 208 at 601 to 700 g; 237 at 701 to 800 g; 290 at 801 to 900 g; and 307 at 901 to 1000 g. Twenty-five percent of the children had an abnormal neurologic examination, 37% had a Bayley II Mental Developmental Index <70, 29% had a Psychomotor Developmental Index <70, 9% had vision impairment, and 11% had hearing impairment. Neurologic, developmental, neurosensory, and functional morbidities increased with decreasing birth weight. Factors significantly associated with increased neurodevelopmental morbidity included chronic lung disease, grades 3 to 4 intraventricular hemorrhage/periventricular leukomalacia, steroids for chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and male gender. Factors significantly associated with decreased morbidity included increased birth weight, female gender, higher maternal education, and white race.
Conclusion. ELBW infants are at significant risk of neurologic abnormalities, developmental delays, and functional delays at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. Key words: extremely low birth weight, neurologic outcome, developmental outcome, functional outcome, prematurity, cerebral palsy, Bayley.
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M. Hack, H. G. Taylor, D. Drotar, M. Schluchter, L. Cartar, L. Andreias, D. Wilson-Costello, and N. Klein Chronic Conditions, Functional Limitations, and Special Health Care Needs of School-aged Children Born With Extremely Low-Birth-Weight in the 1990s JAMA, July 20, 2005; 294(3): 318 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Mestan, J. D. Marks, K. Hecox, D. Huo, and M. D. Schreiber Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Premature Infants Treated with Inhaled Nitric Oxide N. Engl. J. Med., July 7, 2005; 353(1): 23 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. R. Vohr, M. E. Msall, D. Wilson, L. L. Wright, S. McDonald, and W. K. Poole Spectrum of Gross Motor Function in Extremely Low Birth Weight Children With Cerebral Palsy at 18 Months of Age Pediatrics, July 1, 2005; 116(1): 123 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Hintz, D. E. Kendrick, B. R. Vohr, W. K. Poole, R. D. Higgins, and for the National Institute of Child Health and Hum Changes in Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 18 to 22 Months' Corrected Age Among Infants of Less Than 25 Weeks' Gestational Age Born in 1993-1999 Pediatrics, June 1, 2005; 115(6): 1645 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Markestad, P. I. Kaaresen, A. Ronnestad, H. Reigstad, K. Lossius, S. Medbo, G. Zanussi, I. E. Engelund, R. Skjaerven, L. M. Irgens, et al. Early Death, Morbidity, and Need of Treatment Among Extremely Premature Infants Pediatrics, May 1, 2005; 115(5): 1289 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Perlman Morphine, Hypotension, and Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Ventilated Premature Infant Pediatrics, May 1, 2005; 115(5): 1416 - 1418. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Ho and S. Saigal Current Survival and Early Outcomes of Infants of Borderline Viability NeoReviews, March 1, 2005; 6(3): e123 - e132. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Lasky and A. L. Williams The Development of the Auditory System from Conception to Term NeoReviews, March 1, 2005; 6(3): e141 - e152. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Madan and W. V. Good Preterm Birth and the Visual System NeoReviews, March 1, 2005; 6(3): e153 - e159. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Laptook, T. M. O' Shea, S. Shankaran, B. Bhaskar, and and the NICHD Neonatal Network Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Among Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants With a Normal Head Ultrasound: Prevalence and Antecedents Pediatrics, March 1, 2005; 115(3): 673 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Hintz, D. E. Kendrick, B. J. Stoll, B. R. Vohr, A. A. Fanaroff, E. F. Donovan, W. K. Poole, M. L. Blakely, L. Wright, R. Higgins, et al. Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants After Necrotizing Enterocolitis Pediatrics, March 1, 2005; 115(3): 696 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S R Hintz, W K Poole, L L Wright, A A Fanaroff, D E Kendrick, A R Laptook, R Goldberg, S Duara, B J Stoll, W Oh, et al. Changes in mortality and morbidities among infants born at less than 25 weeks during the post-surfactant era Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., March 1, 2005; 90(2): F128 - F133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N S Wood, K Costeloe, A T Gibson, E M Hennessy, N Marlow, A R Wilkinson, and for the EPICure Study Group The EPICure study: associations and antecedents of neurological and developmental disability at 30 months of age following extremely preterm birth Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., March 1, 2005; 90(2): F134 - F140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Ambalavanan, J. E. Tyson, K. A. Kennedy, N. I. Hansen, B. R. Vohr, L. L. Wright, W. A. Carlo, and and National Institute of Child Health and Human D Vitamin A Supplementation for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: Outcome at 18 to 22 Months Pediatrics, March 1, 2005; 115(3): e249 - e254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. R. Vohr and M. Allen Extreme Prematurity -- The Continuing Dilemma N. Engl. J. Med., January 6, 2005; 352(1): 71 - 72. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M.Z. Anuar Zaini, C.T. Lim, W.Y. Low, and F. Harun Effects of Nutritional Status on Academic Performance of Malaysian Primary School Children Asia Pac J Public Health, January 1, 2005; 17(2): 81 - 87. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 R. Grant State Strategies to Contain Costs in the Early Intervention Program: Policy and Evidence Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, January 1, 2005; 25(4): 243 - 250. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 N. N. Nanthakumar, C. Young, J. S. Ko, D. Meng, J. Chen, T. Buie, and W. A. Walker Glucocorticoid responsiveness in developing human intestine: possible role in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): G85 - G92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. N. J. Kazzi, U. O. Kim, M. W. Quasney, and I. Buhimschi Association Study of Gene Polymorphism and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: In Reply Pediatrics, January 1, 2005; 115(1): 199 - 199. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Colvin, W. McGuire, and P. W Fowlie Neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth BMJ, December 11, 2004; 329(7479): 1390 - 1393. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Stoll, N. I. Hansen, I. Adams-Chapman, A. A. Fanaroff, S. R. Hintz, B. Vohr, R. D. Higgins, and for the National Institute of Child Health and Hum Neurodevelopmental and Growth Impairment Among Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants With Neonatal Infection JAMA, November 17, 2004; 292(19): 2357 - 2365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Msall Developmental Vulnerability and Resilience in Extremely Preterm Infants JAMA, November 17, 2004; 292(19): 2399 - 2401. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 CRYO-ROP Cooperative Group Health-Related Quality of Life at Age 10 Years in Very Low-Birth-Weight Children With and Without Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity Arch Ophthalmol, November 1, 2004; 122(11): 1659 - 1666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Boyle Ethical Issues in the Care of the Neonate: Overview NeoReviews, November 1, 2004; 5(11): e471 - e476. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. K. Ohls, R. A. Ehrenkranz, A. Das, A. M. Dusick, K. Yolton, E. Romano, V. Delaney-Black, L.-A. Papile, N. P. Simon, J. J. Steichen, et al. Neurodevelopmental Outcome and Growth at 18 to 22 Months' Corrected Age in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Treated With Early Erythropoietin and Iron Pediatrics, November 1, 2004; 114(5): 1287 - 1291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M A Gronlund, E Aring, A Hellstrom, M Landgren, and K Stromland Visual and ocular findings in children adopted from eastern Europe Br J Ophthalmol, November 1, 2004; 88(11): 1362 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Follow-up Care of High-Risk Infants Pediatrics, November 1, 2004; 114(5/S1): 1377 - 1397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Mirmiran, P. D. Barnes, K. Keller, J. C. Constantinou, B. E. Fleisher, S. R. Hintz, and R. L. Ariagno Neonatal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Before Discharge Is Better Than Serial Cranial Ultrasound in Predicting Cerebral Palsy in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants Pediatrics, October 1, 2004; 114(4): 992 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Castro, K. Yolton, B. Haberman, N. Roberto, N. I. Hansen, N. Ambalavanan, B. R. Vohr, and E. F. Donovan Bias in Reported Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Among Extremely Low Birth Weight Survivors Pediatrics, August 1, 2004; 114(2): 404 - 410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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