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PEDIATRICS Vol. 105 No. 4 April 2000, p. e49

ELECTRONIC ARTICLE:
Soothing Pain-Elicited Distress in Chinese Neonates

Received May 18, 1999; accepted Nov 19, 1999.

Luk Kar Bo, BN, MN*, and Patrick Callaghan

From * Pamela Youde Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong, China; and Department of Mental Health and Learning Disability Nursing, City University, London, United Kingdom.

Objective.  To test the effect of nonnutritive sucking (NNS), music therapy (MT), and combined NNS and MT (NNS + MT), versus no intervention, on heart rate, transcutaneous oxygen (TcPaO2) levels, and pain behavior of neonates in intensive care units having blood taken by a heel-stick procedure.

Methodology.  A within-subjects, counter-balancing, repeated-measures design conducted in a government-funded hospital in Hong Kong, comparing TcPaO2 levels, heart rate, and pain behavior outcomes in 27 neonates.

Results.  Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences in outcomes across all interventions (Wilk's lambda  = .142; F [3,27] = 31.82; eta 2 = .47). One-way analysis of variance revealed that the 3 comfort interventions significantly reduced neonates' heart rate (Wilk's lambda  = .647; F [2,27] = 18.93; eta 2 = .35), improved their TcPaO2 levels (Wilk's lambda  = .481; F [2,27] = 37.42; eta 2 = .51), and reduced their pain behavior (Wilk's lambda  = .312; F [2,27] = 76.42; eta 2 = .68). Posthoc scheffe tests revealed that NNS + MT had the strongest effect on neonates' TcPaO2 levels and pain behavior; MT alone had the strongest effect on neonates' heart rate.

Conclusions.  Health professionals using NNS + MT when doing heel-sticks can improve the TcPaO2 levels of neonates and reduce their pain. Using MT alone can improve the heart rate of neonates.  Key words:  psychological interventions, neonates, pain.




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