PEDIATRICS Vol. 103 No. 6 June 1999, pp. 1175-1182
The Relation of Overweight to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Received Aug 31, 1998; accepted Dec 17, 1998.
, and
From the * Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Tulane
Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Background. Although overweight and obesity in childhood are related to dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension, most studies have examined levels of these risk factors individually or have used internal cutpoints (eg, quintiles) to classify overweight and risk factors.
Objective. We used cutpoints derived from several national studies to examine the relation of overweight (Quetelet index, >95th percentile) to adverse risk factor levels and risk factor clustering.
Design. The sample consisted of 9167 5- to 17-year-olds examined in seven cross-sectional studies conducted by the Bogalusa Heart Study between 1973 and 1994.
Results. About 11% of examined schoolchildren were considered overweight. Although adverse lipid, insulin, and blood pressure levels did not vary substantially with the Quetelet index at levels <85th percentile, risk factor prevalences increased greatly at higher levels of the Quetelet index. Overweight schoolchildren were 2.4 times as likely as children with a Quetelet index <85th percentile to have an elevated level of total cholesterol. Odds ratios for other associations were 2.4 (diastolic blood pressure), 3.0 (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), 3.4 (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), 4.5 (systolic blood pressure), 7.1 (triglycerides), and 12.6 (fasting insulin). Several of these associations differed between whites and blacks, and by age. Of the 813 overweight schoolchildren, 475 (58%) were found to have at least one risk factor. Furthermore, the use of overweight as a screening tool could identify 50% of schoolchildren who had two or more risk factors.
Conclusions. Because overweight is associated with various risk factors even among young children, it is possible that the successful prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood could reduce the adult incidence of cardiovascular disease.overweight, lipids, blood pressure, insulin, children, adolescents. .
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P. J. Landrigan, L. Trasande, L. E. Thorpe, C. Gwynn, P. J. Lioy, M. E. D'Alton, H. S. Lipkind, J. Swanson, P. D. Wadhwa, E. B. Clark, et al. The National Children's Study: A 21-Year Prospective Study of 100 000 American Children Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): 2173 - 2186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rodriguez-Moran and F. Guerrero-Romero Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Children and Adolescents With a Positive Family History for Type 2 Diabetes Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): e1516 - e1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Kim, J. Park, H.-S. Kim, D. H. Kim, and S. H. Park Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Children and Adolescents Aged 10-18 Years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998 and 2001 Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2006; 164(8): 787 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. C.K. Leung, D. K. Ng, M. W. Lau, C.-h. Chan, K.-l. Kwok, P.-y. Chow, and J. M.Y. Cheung Twenty-Four-Hour Ambulatory BP in Snoring Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Chest, October 1, 2006; 130(4): 1009 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Groner, M. Joshi, and J. A. Bauer Pediatric Precursors of Adult Cardiovascular Disease: Noninvasive Assessment of Early Vascular Changes in Children and Adolescents Pediatrics, October 1, 2006; 118(4): 1683 - 1691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Sinaiko, J. Steinberger, A. Moran, C.-P. Hong, R. J. Prineas, and D. R. Jacobs Jr Influence of Insulin Resistance and Body Mass Index at Age 13 on Systolic Blood Pressure, Triglycerides, and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol at Age 19 Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 730 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Waters, S. Sitha, L. M. O'Brien, S. Bibby, C. de Torres, S. Vella, and R. de la Eva Follow-up on Metabolic Markers in Children Treated for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 15, 2006; 174(4): 455 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Al Mamun, D. A. Lawlor, R. Alati, M. J. O'Callaghan, G. M. Williams, and J. M. Najman Does Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy Have a Direct Effect on Future Offspring Obesity? Evidence from a Prospective Birth Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2006; 164(4): 317 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Ullman Kids' Cardiology DOC News, August 1, 2006; 3(8): 8 - 8. [Full Text]
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A. Caspi, H. Harrington, T. E. Moffitt, B. J. Milne, and R. Poulton Socially Isolated Children 20 Years Later: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2006; 160(8): 805 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. I. Berkowitz, K. Fujioka, S. R. Daniels, A. G. Hoppin, S. Owen, A. C. Perry, M. S. Sothern, C. L. Renz, M. A. Pirner, J. K. Walch, et al. Effects of Sibutramine Treatment in Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med, July 18, 2006; 145(2): 81 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Grogan Body Image and Health: Contemporary Perspectives J Health Psychol, July 1, 2006; 11(4): 523 - 530. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. A. O'Dea Self-concept, Self-esteem and Body Weight in Adolescent Females: A Three-year Longitudinal Study J Health Psychol, July 1, 2006; 11(4): 599 - 611. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J J Reilly Obesity in childhood and adolescence: evidence based clinical and public health perspectives. Postgrad. Med. J., July 1, 2006; 82(969): 429 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Jago, J. S. Harrell, R. G. McMurray, S. Edelstein, L. El Ghormli, and S. Bassin Prevalence of abnormal lipid and blood pressure values among an ethnically diverse population of eighth-grade adolescents and screening implications. Pediatrics, June 1, 2006; 117(6): 2065 - 2073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Boutilier, D. Meidinger, T. Campbell, C. Bartholomew, A. M. Swanson, F. Deaner, and S. Schantz School Wellness Policies NASN School Nurse, May 1, 2006; 21(3): 18 - 22. [PDF]
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