This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow P3Rs: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when P3Rs are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Richards, M. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Richards, M. J.
Related Collections
Right arrow Infectious Disease & Immunity

PEDIATRICS Vol. 103 No. 4 April 1999, p. e39

ELECTRONIC ARTICLE:
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States

Received Jul 27, 1998; accepted Nov 3, 1998.

Michael J. Richards, Jonathan R. Edwards, David H. Culver, Robert P. Gaynes, and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System

From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Objectives.  To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States.

Background.  Patient and ICU characteristics in pediatric ICUs suggest the pattern of nosocomial infections experienced may differ from that seen in adult ICUs.

Methods.  Data were collected between January 1992 and December 1997 from 61 pediatric ICUs in the United States using the standard surveillance protocols and nosocomial infection site definitions of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System's ICU surveillance component.

Results.  Data on 110 709 patients with 6290 nosocomial infections were analyzed. Primary bloodstream infections (28%), pneumonia (21%), and urinary tract infections (15%) were most frequent and were almost always associated with use of an invasive device. Primary bloodstream infections and surgical site infections were reported more frequently in infants aged 2 months or less as compared with older children. Urinary tract infections were reported more frequently in children >5 years old compared with younger children. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (38%) were the most common bloodstream isolates, and aerobic Gram-negative bacilli were reported in 25% of primary bloodstream infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%) was the most common species reported from pneumonia and Escherichia coli (19%), from urinary tract infections. Enterobacter spp. were isolated with increasing frequency from pneumonia and were the most common Gram-negative isolates from bloodstream infections. Device-associated infection rates for bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections did not correlate with length of stay, the number of hospital beds, or season.

Conclusions.  In pediatric ICUs, bloodstream infections were the most common nosocomial infection. The distribution of infection sites and pathogens differed with age and from that reported from adult ICUs. Device-associated infection rates were the best rates currently available for comparisons between units, because they were not associated with length of stay, the number of beds in the hospital, or season.  Key words:  intensive care units, pediatrics, epidemiology, cross infection, risk factors, bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract infections.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
U. Nubel, P. Roumagnac, M. Feldkamp, J.-H. Song, K. S. Ko, Y.-C. Huang, G. Coombs, M. Ip, H. Westh, R. Skov, et al.
Frequent emergence and limited geographic dispersal of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
PNAS, September 16, 2008; 105(37): 14130 - 14135.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Microbiol. Rev.Home page
E. Foglia, M. D. Meier, and A. Elward
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients
Clin. Microbiol. Rev., July 1, 2007; 20(3): 409 - 425.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Trop PediatrHome page
K. S. Lakshmi, M. Jayashree, S. Singhi, and P. Ray
Study of Nosocomial Primary Bloodstream Infections in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
J Trop Pediatr, April 1, 2007; 53(2): 87 - 92.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
N. Jain, R. Kohli, E. Cook, P. Gialanella, T. Chang, and B. C. Fries
Biofilm Formation by and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Isolates from Urine
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 15, 2007; 73(6): 1697 - 1703.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BMJHome page
A. Bhutta, C. Gilliam, M. Honeycutt, S. Schexnayder, J. Green, M. Moss, and K J S Anand
Reduction of bloodstream infections associated with catheters in paediatric intensive care unit: stepwise approach
BMJ, February 17, 2007; 334(7589): 362 - 365.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
G. Wang, J. F. Hindler, K. W. Ward, and D. A. Bruckner
Increased Vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from a University Hospital during a 5-Year Period
J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2006; 44(11): 3883 - 3886.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Trop PediatrHome page
A. A. El-Nawawy, M. M. Abd El-Fattah, H. Abd El-Raouf Metwally, S. S. El Din Barakat, and I. Abdel Rehim Hassan
One Year Study of Bacterial and Fungal Nosocomial Infections among Patients in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in Alexandria
J Trop Pediatr, June 1, 2006; 52(3): 185 - 191.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
K. B. Weatherstone, L. S. Franck, and N. J. Klein
Are There Opportunities to Decrease Nosocomial Infection by Choice of Analgesic Regimen?: Evidence for Immunity and Pain Interactions
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, November 1, 2003; 157(11): 1108 - 1114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br Med BullHome page
P T Heath and A S Breathnach
Treatment of infections due to resistant organisms: Childhood respiratory infections
Br. Med. Bull., March 1, 2002; 61(1): 231 - 245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]