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PEDIATRICS Vol. 102 No. 5 November 1998, pp. 1161-1171

Language of Early- and Later-identified Children With Hearing Loss

Received Aug 5, 1997; accepted Jun 22, 1998.

Christine Yoshinaga-Itano*, Allison L. Sedey*, Diane K. Coulter*, and Albert L. MehlDagger

From the * Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, the University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; and the Dagger  Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Boulder, Colorado; and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado.

Objective.  To compare the language abilities of earlier- and later-identified deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

Method.  We compared the receptive and expressive language abilities of 72 deaf or hard-of-hearing children whose hearing losses were identified by 6 months of age with 78 children whose hearing losses were identified after the age of 6 months. All of the children received early intervention services within an average of 2 months after identification. The participants' receptive and expressive language abilities were measured using the Minnesota Child Development Inventory.

Results.  Children whose hearing losses were identified by 6 months of age demonstrated significantly better language scores than children identified after 6 months of age. For children with normal cognitive abilities, this language advantage was found across all test ages, communication modes, degrees of hearing loss, and socioeconomic strata. It also was independent of gender, minority status, and the presence or absence of additional disabilities.

Conclusions.  Significantly better language development was associated with early identification of hearing loss and early intervention. There was no significant difference between the earlier- and later-identified groups on several variables frequently associated with language ability in deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Thus, the variable on which the two groups differed (age of identification and intervention) must be considered a potential explanation for the language advantage documented in the earlier-identified group.  Key words:  hearing loss, early identification, early intervention, language, newborn hearing screening.


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 Communication Disorders QuarterlyHome page
J. L. Luckner and S. Muir
Suggestions for Helping Students Who Are Deaf Succeed in General Education Settings
Communication Disorders Quarterly, January 1, 2002; 24(1): 23 - 30.
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 Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.Home page
H C Boshuizen, G J van der Lem, M A Kauffman-de Boer, G A van Zanten, A M Oudesluys-Murphy, and P H Verkerk
Costs of different strategies for neonatal hearing screening: a modelling approach
Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., November 1, 2001; 85(3): F177 - 181.
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 JAMAHome page
D. C. Thompson, H. McPhillips, R. L. Davis, T. A. Lieu, C. J. Homer, and M. Helfand
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: Summary of Evidence
JAMA, October 24, 2001; 286(16): 2000 - 2010.
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 AAP Grand RoundsHome page
S. S. Choi and S. R. Schoem
European Study Demonstrates Impact of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening
AAP Grand Rounds, September 1, 2001; 6(3): 25 - 26.
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 PediatricsHome page
Committee on Children With Disabilities
Developmental Surveillance and Screening of Infants and Young Children
Pediatrics, July 1, 2001; 108(1): 192 - 195.
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 CMAJHome page
A. R. Miller and L. Zwaigenbaum
New provincial initiatives for childhood disabilities: the imperative for research
Can. Med. Assoc. J., June 1, 2001; 164(12): 1704 - 1705.
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 AAP NewsHome page
L. O'Keefe
More must be done to diagnose hearing loss early
AAP News, May 1, 2001; 18(5): 197 - 207.
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 Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.Home page
M Owen, M Webb, and K Evans
Community based universal neonatal hearing screening by health visitors using otoacoustic emissions
Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., May 1, 2001; 84(3): 157F - 162.
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 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
M. B. Lahr and A. R. Kemper
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, March 1, 2001; 155(3): 421 - 422.
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 Arch. Dis. Child.Home page
C. R Kennedy, D. HALL, and A. DAVIS
Current topic: Neonatal screening for hearing impairment
Arch. Dis. Child., November 1, 2000; 83(5): 377 - 383.
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 PediatricsHome page
Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, American Academy of Audiology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State
Year 2000 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs
Pediatrics, October 1, 2000; 106(4): 798 - 817.
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 PediatricsHome page
W. K. Frankenburg;, S. Grosse, M. Adams, J. Holstrum, K. Van Naarden, C. Boyle;, and J. L. Paradise
Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening
Pediatrics, September 1, 2000; 106(3): 616 - 618.
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 PediatricsHome page
G. M. Headley, D. E. Campbell, and J. S. Gravel
Effect of Neonatal Test Environment on Recording Transient-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
Pediatrics, June 1, 2000; 105(6): 1279 - 1285.
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 PediatricsHome page
C. Meyer, J. Witte, A. Hildmann, K.-H. Hennecke, K.-U. Schunck, K. Maul, U. Franke, H. Fahnenstich, H. Rabe, R. Rossi, et al.
Neonatal Screening for Hearing Disorders in Infants at Risk: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Follow-up
Pediatrics, October 1, 1999; 104(4): 900 - 904.
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 PediatricsHome page
A. L. Berg, L. G. Spivak;, A. L. Mehl;, and J. L. Paradise
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: Should We Leap Before We Look?
Pediatrics, August 1, 1999; 104(2): 351 - 354.
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