| Exposure or Characteristic |
Germ Cell Tumors
|
Carcinomas and Other Malignant Epithelial Tumors
|
Retinoblastoma
|
| Known |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gender |
Type |
M:F |
Age-adjusted incidence |
Type |
M:F |
Age-adjusted incidence |
Type |
M:F |
Age-adjusted incidence |
|
All germ cell |
1.1 |
10.1 per million |
All carcinomas |
0.5 |
14.1 per million |
All retinoblastoma |
1.0 |
2.8 per million |
|
Gonadal |
1.5 |
6.1 |
Thyroid carcinoma |
0.2 |
5.0 |
|
|
|
|
Testicular |
|
8.1 |
Malignant melanoma |
0.6 |
4.5 |
|
|
|
|
Ovarian |
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age peak |
15–19 y |
|
|
|
15–19 y |
|
|
Infancy |
|
| Race |
|
W:B = 1.5 |
|
|
W:B = 1.5 |
|
|
W:B = 0.9 |
|
| Other |
Cryptorchidism |
|
|
Thyroid carcinoma |
|
|
Parent with a history of bilateral retinoblastoma |
|
|
|
|
Ionizing radiation exposure during childhood from environmental and medical sources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inherited cancer susceptibility syndromes (familial polyposis multiple endocrine neoplasia types I, II-A, II-B) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Malignant melanoma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ultraviolet sunlight exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of nevi and dysplastic nevi |
|
|
|
| Suggestive |
High maternal hormone levels during pregnancy |
Thyroid carcinoma |
13q deletion syndrome |
|
Family history of germ cell tumor |
Hormonal factors |
|
|
|
|
Hernia |
Benign thyroid diseases |
|
|
|
|
Preterm birth |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Limited |
Viral infections |
|
|
|
Paternal occupation including military, metal |
|
High birth weight |
|
manufacturing and welding, machining, or related |
|
Prenatal radiographic exposure |
|
occupation |
|
Parental occupation including health care, aircraft industry (paternal), and other work involving exposure to x-rays (paternal) or solvents (maternal) |
|
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|
Constitutional chromosome abnormalities (Klinefelter syndrome) |
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|