| Exposure or Characteristic |
Malignant Bone Tumors
|
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
|
Renal Tumors
|
Hepatic Tumors
|
| Known |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gender |
Type |
M:F |
Type |
M:F |
Type |
M:F |
Type |
M:F |
|
All bone |
1.2 |
All soft tissue |
1.2 |
All renal |
0.9 |
All hepatic |
1.2 |
|
Osteosarcoma |
1.2 |
|
|
|
|
Hepatoblastoma |
1.2 |
|
Ewing sarcoma |
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
1.0 |
|
Chondrosarcoma |
1.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age peak |
13–18 y |
|
Infancy for rhabdomyosarcoma; 15–19 years for others |
Infancy for Wilms tumor; 15–19 y for renal cell carcinomas |
Infancy for hepatoblastoma; 15–19 y for hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Age-adjusted incidence (per million) |
8.6 |
|
10.8 |
|
6.4 |
|
1.5 |
|
| Race |
W:B = 1.3 |
W:B = 0.9 |
|
|
W:B = 0.9 |
|
W:B = 1.2 |
|
| Anatomic site |
Osteosarcoma, long bones; Ewing sarcoma, central axis |
|
|
7% of Wilms tumors are bilateral |
|
|
| Other factors |
Radiation therapy for |
Some concordance between |
Notably decreased incidence in |
Genetic disorders |
|
childhood cancer |
anatomic location of |
Asians, compared with whites |
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome |
|
Treatment with alkylating |
rhabdomyosarcoma and major |
and blacks |
Hemihypertrophy |
|
agents |
|
birth defects |
|
|
|
Familial adenomatous polyposis |
|
High doses of radium |
Up to one third of patients with |
Genetic disorders |
Gardner syndrome |
|
Genetic disorders |
rhabdomyosarcoma have at least |
WAGR |
|
|
|
Hereditary retinoblastoma |
1 congenital anomaly |
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome |
|
|
|
Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
Genetic disorders |
Perlman syndrome |
|
|
|
Rothmund-Thomson |
Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
Denys-Drash syndrome |
|
|
|
syndrome |
Neurofibromatosis |
|
|
|
| Suggestive |
— |
|
— |
|
Father employed as welder or mechanic increases risk |
— |
|
| Limited |
Taller stature |
Low socioeconomic status |
High birth weight |
Parental occupational exposures to metals, |
|
Trauma |
Diagnostic radiographs during pregnancy |
Parental occupational exposure to pesticides |
petroleum products, paints, and pigments |
|
Short birth length |
|
|
|
|
|
Low birth weight |
|
Some parental occupations, including chicken farming |
Parents’ use of recreational drugs |
Maternal consumption of coffee and/or tea during pregnancy |
|
|
|
Exposure to pesticides |
|
|
Maternal hair dye use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maternal occupational exposures, including hairdressing and electronic and laboratory work |
|
|